名义货币,也叫法定货币。英文是 Fiat money。Fiat 是拉丁文,它的意思是法令、许可、批准。
澳大利亚墨尔本大学商学院的哈珀教授对 Fiat money,也就是名义货币或法定货币,作了这样的解释:
Fiat money has not only no particular value in use, it doesn't even really have a value in exchange except that which is decreed that it would have. 名义货币不仅仅没有什么特别的价值,而且在商品的交换中它本身根本没有价值。它拥有的只是法律所赋予它的价值。
So fiat money is money which is intrinsically worthless. And its value exists by virtue of the fact that it is generally acceptable. And fiat money, needless to say, is one of the most mysterious inventions of the human mind, and no economist has managed to explain exactly why it is that people will generally accept something as valuable when it clearly has no value other than that which it is decreed to have. 因此,名义货币从它的本质来说实际上一钱不值。它的价值只在于它能够获得普遍的接受。毫无疑问,名义货币是人类最神奇的发明之一。任何经济学家都还无法确切解释,为什么人们能够把一种除了法定的价值外显然没有任何价值的东西作为宝贵的东西来普遍接受。
A credit instrument is an obligation. And it's used as money because it has value. And the value that it has, of course, is a value which is based upon its credit-worthiness, in other words, how much credit or how much credence people give to the promise which is actually written down. What I'm receiving or using as an instrument for money purposes is somebody else's obligation. Their preparedness to do something for me which might be to give me fiat money. That could be the promise which is incorporated in the cheque or the bill of exchange. 信用手段是一种契约。它可以被当作货币使用是因为它也有价值。当然,它的价值是建立在它的信用声誉之上的。换句话说,也就是要看人们能够给予这些写成文字的保证多大程度的信任。我作为货币收取的票据文件是对方的一种债务契约,是保证他们准备为我做一些事,比如要支付给我法定货币。这种保证可能会以支票或汇票的方式来体现。