The alternative to competition is monopoly, where there's a single supplier of a good or a service and that person konwing there's no competition has the opportunity to put up prices. There's no great pressure on them to keep their costs down and to be efficient. 与竞争相对的是垄断。当某种商品或服务只由唯一的供应商提供给市场时,供应商知道没有竞争,就有可能提高价格。对他们来说没有太大的压力要他们降低成本提高效率。
So it's that competitive pressure that tends to make markets respond to what consumers want, to offer the best deals, and also to be technically progressive, to innovate under the pressure of competition. 因此是竞争的压力使市场对消费者的需求作出回应,提供物美价廉的商品,同时也促进技术上的进步,在竞争的压力下进行革新。
You may get consumers who want very high quality services satisfied, but at a higher price. And the people who want no-frills service and cheap product will also get it at the other end of the market. So competition allows a range of variety to occur in a market. 有些顾客愿意付出较高的价格来获得高品质的商品或服务。另一方面,有人需要的是基本的服务和便宜的商品。他们的需求在市场上也能得到满足。因此竞争使市场的供应多种多样。
The benefit to society of competition is that it makes a major contribution to the fundamental economic issue, which is the scarcity of productive resources. It means that on the production side, there is maximum pressure to conserve the use of those scarce productive resources. 竞争对社会的益处在于它对解决最根本的经济问题作出了重要的贡献,也就是生产资源的缺乏问题。它意味着生产一方受到最大限度的压力要它节约使用有限的生产资源。
On the demand side it also rations consumer demand appropriately, and it also tends to mean that the variety of consumer needs can be met. 从需求一方来说,竞争也恰当地节制了顾客的需求,同时也使顾客多方面的需要得到满足。
澳大利亚消费事务与竞争委员会主席费尔斯在他的谈话中用了这样一些词汇:
1 no-frills service 基本的服务 2 fundamental economic issue 根本的经济问题 3 scarcity of productive resources 生产资源的缺乏