| For example, managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion; this is their way of simplifying complex problems. But the tendency to simplify blinds them to other alternatives. 一些管理者有时用非此即彼的方式处理问题，这虽然是他们简化复杂问题的方法，但是习惯了简化常使他们看不到别的解决办法。 Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best - that is, which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals. 决策者必须有办法能从多种选择里确定一种为最佳，也就是说哪个对实现机构目标帮助最大， An organizational goal is an end or a state of affairs the organization seeks to reach. 机构的目标也就是此机构所寻求的事态的结果。 Because individuals (and organizations) frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals, the best choice may depend on who makes the decision. 如何实现目标，个人和组织都有不同的看法。因此，最佳选择可能就取决于决策人了。 Frequently, departments or units within an organization make decisions that are good for them individually but that are less than optimal for the larger organization. 通常一个组织内的单位或部门作出的决策可能有利于本部门、本单位，但对比它们大的机构来说就不是最佳选择了。 Called suboptimization, this is a trade-off that increases the advantages to one unit or function but decreases the advantages to another unit or function. 这就是所谓的局部优化：增加对一单位或部门的便利同时减少对另一个单位或部门的便利，这是在两利不能兼顾的情况下所做的取舍。 For example, the marketing manager may argue effectively for an increased advertising budget. In the larger scheme of things, however, increased funding for research to improve the products might be more beneficial to the organization. |
